What (who) is pocket calculators - definition
![Braun]] (1987)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Braun 4856 solar card calculator, 2.jpg?width=200 "Braun]] (1987)")
![A modern scientific calculator with a [[LCD]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Casio fx-991EX.png?width=200 "A modern scientific calculator with a [[LCD]]")
![The [[Elektronika MK-52]] was a programmable RPN-style calculator that accepted extension modules; it was manufactured in the [[Soviet Union]] from 1985 to 1992](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Elektronika MK-52.JPG?width=200 "The [[Elektronika MK-52]] was a programmable RPN-style calculator that accepted extension modules; it was manufactured in the [[Soviet Union]] from 1985 to 1992")
![The Bulgarian [[ELKA 22]] from 1967](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Elka-22 (I197211).png?width=200 "The Bulgarian [[ELKA 22]] from 1967")
![The [[HP-65]], the first programmable pocket calculator (1974)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HP-65 white background.jpg?width=200 "The [[HP-65]], the first programmable pocket calculator (1974)")
![Early calculator [[light-emitting diode]] (LED) display from the 1970s ([[USSR]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LED DISP.JPG?width=200 "Early calculator [[light-emitting diode]] (LED) display from the 1970s ([[USSR]])")
![The Italian [[Programma 101]], an early commercial programmable calculator produced by [[Olivetti]] in 1964](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Olivetti Programma 101 - Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg?width=200 "The Italian [[Programma 101]], an early commercial programmable calculator produced by [[Olivetti]] in 1964")
![Adler 81S pocket calculator with [[vacuum fluorescent display]] (VFD) from the mid-1970s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Calculator Adler 81S.jpg?width=200 "Adler 81S pocket calculator with [[vacuum fluorescent display]] (VFD) from the mid-1970s.")
![The 1972 [[Sinclair Executive]] pocket calculator.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SinclairExecutive-01.jpg?width=200 "The 1972 [[Sinclair Executive]] pocket calculator.")
![The [[HP-35]], the world's first scientific pocket calculator by Hewlett Packard (1972).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hp-35 1972.jpg?width=200 "The [[HP-35]], the world's first scientific pocket calculator by Hewlett Packard (1972).")
![The interior of a Casio fx-20 scientific calculator from the mid-1970s, using a VFD. The processor integrated circuit (IC) is made by [[NEC]] (marked μPD978C). Discrete electronic components like [[capacitor]]s and [[resistor]]s and the IC are mounted on a [[printed circuit board]] (PCB). This calculator uses a battery pack as a power source.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CasioFX20-inside.jpg?width=200 "The interior of a Casio fx-20 scientific calculator from the mid-1970s, using a VFD. The processor integrated circuit (IC) is made by [[NEC]] (marked μPD978C). Discrete electronic components like [[capacitor]]s and [[resistor]]s and the IC are mounted on a [[printed circuit board]] (PCB). This calculator uses a battery pack as a power source.")
![The processor chip (integrated circuit package) inside a 1980s Sharp pocket calculator, marked SC6762 1•H. An LCD is directly under the chip. This was a PCB-less design. No discrete components are used. The battery compartment at the top can hold two [[button cell]]s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sharp el-323 ic 1ae.jpg?width=200 "The processor chip (integrated circuit package) inside a 1980s Sharp pocket calculator, marked SC6762 1•H. An LCD is directly under the chip. This was a PCB-less design. No discrete components are used. The battery compartment at the top can hold two [[button cell]]s.")
![2000}}) pocket calculator. It uses a button battery in combination with a solar cell. The processor is a "Chip on Board" type, covered with dark [[epoxy]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Citizen se-733 int 1ac.jpg?width=200 "2000}}) pocket calculator. It uses a button battery in combination with a solar cell. The processor is a \"Chip on Board\" type, covered with dark [[epoxy]].")
![Nephrology pocket by [[Alexander S. Goldfarb-Rumyantzev]] and Robert S. Brown](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nephrology pocket book.jpg?width=200 "Nephrology pocket by [[Alexander S. Goldfarb-Rumyantzev]] and Robert S. Brown")
!['''1''': Total loss of attachment (clinical attachment loss, CAL) is the sum of '''2''': [[Gingival recession]], and '''3''': Probing depth](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Periodontal terms diagram gingival recession.png?width=200 "'''1''': Total loss of attachment (clinical attachment loss, CAL) is the sum of '''2''': [[Gingival recession]], and '''3''': Probing depth")
Wikipedia
An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.
The first solid-state electronic calculator was created in the early 1960s. Pocket-sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor, was developed by Intel for the Japanese calculator company Busicom.
Modern electronic calculators vary from cheap, give-away, credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers. They became popular in the mid-1970s as the incorporation of integrated circuits reduced their size and cost. By the end of that decade, prices had dropped to the point where a basic calculator was affordable to most and they became common in schools.
Computer operating systems as far back as early Unix have included interactive calculator programs such as dc and hoc, and interactive BASIC could be used to do calculations on most 1970s and 1980s home computers. Calculator functions are included in most smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistant (PDA) type devices.
In addition to general purpose calculators, there are those designed for specific markets. For example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph functions defined on the real line, or higher-dimensional Euclidean space. As of 2016, basic calculators cost little, but scientific and graphing models tend to cost more.
With the very wide availability of smartphones and the like, dedicated hardware calculators, while still widely used, are less common than they once were. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this had diminished to less than 0.05%.
